“The value of mindless action depends on chance… Rather than hitting on good learning experiences randomly, we begin to select and copy specific actions. We begin to mimic… Simple as it seems, action is the cause, vehicle, and outcome of education. Perceptions, thoughts, ideas, memories, and intentions are important, but they are not the end product… they are just middlemen in the transactions of the mind. The value of action is not in what observers perceive, but in what the learner perceives about his or her own actions. Action is a test of learning, but only the learner can know the motive or the outcome of the tests.”